South Asia
07/07/2011
Every human society was born with a difference. And when they are reunited for the society. It may be inevitable that each person knows that the above or below one another in the other one. It makes the inevitable as well as the differences between individuals is being used in social stratification. The caste system in India was conducted in accordance with the principles mentioned above as well. But however This system has its own unique characteristics that require specialized vocabulary in English is called a caste system. Unlike peer extremely common. And it's a bit easier with the finer, more complex. Her ability to assume a fixed formula is. This is why it is ideal to learn the characteristics thereof.
Varna (Varna - वर्ण - what is concealed, appearance, color, skin color) is defined in Hindu scriptures. Which first appeared in other mature mans talents (Purusha Sukta), which is one of the Rigveda Book Oslk caste in the background that is caused by body parts. Of the source of the creatures in the universe. The man known as Brahman, then the mouth. King of Mobile แpsis of body And then the foot Sudra These groupings reflect the characteristics of groups of people in society. And does not reflect the division of people into groups based on caste hierarchy (Hierarchy) much also no reason why the rest of the untouchable caste.
However, When developing the concept of fairness. The word fair (from Sun Dec That means maintaining sustained) This refers to the regulation of all things (Universal Order) or a normal condition of things. The human society is regarded as a short form of the disorder or condition, too. The idea is to break the caste hierarchy was developed in a clear format. The merged into a part and the core of the concept of justice as well. It is because it is part of the division of caste society, so that the concept of caste hierarchy is regarded as safe here.If there is a breach of, or it will cause the miracle or corruption of society and the world to come. And related concepts are developed very sophisticated in Biblical University. That practice the traditions of the Hindu mainstream. One of the Bible Called Somฤti (derived fromthe French element that needs Somฤti So what is remembered. This means that traditional practices) that Manu Somฤti (composed in the 3rd century BC to 3rd century) and widely considered the most influential. As mentioned rules and practices of each caste and provide penalties in case of violation clearly.
The four castes are determined to do something different, namely the Brahmin caste is responsible for rituals and religious practices. Caste king shall rule and defend the country (including the military and the king with his seed) or The Untouchables แpsis Prof. Yao. To trade and agriculture And Sudra caste would have to work as domestic workers above three castes.By members of these castes are not allowed to work that does not match their own caste. Except when circumstances do not Uar-director.
The first three castes called Tavich (Dvija), which refers to those born twice. The womb was considered at one time. The second was to be counted from the moment the life cycle known as the Hermitage 4, which started with a carpet for the traveler. (The lives of these students to write from a professor in the Department of) and then followed by a householder (lifetime of working funds and the householder) Step three is Ivan the Russian church (the life of the retired. working life and to live a life of solitude in the woods) and final ridge enamel (the life of a recluse asceticism to disengagement. Among the caste Tavich Biblical University of Brahman is considered the highest caste.
Cross-caste marriage can. If a man has a higher caste women. It is called the wedding of Grace of the marriage of higher caste women with lower caste man called sculptor Siloam Biblical University, which is not acceptable.For a child is born, it is considered as the father of their caste. Which in this case is that the wedding shall be advantage in society. If you have a lower caste want to fade into castes higher is required to provide their children marry caste high caste same over a period of many generations, as the caste they belong to, if Sudra want their children. the Brahmin caste, it must give all their children marry a Brahmin caste, this is a period of seven generations. Or if you are a Brahmin king Would have done the same, but it will take less than Sudra is only five generations. While แpsis required Brahmin takes six generations, on the other hand, if the high caste people living in a period of low caste generations. Posterity will fall back to the lower castes in the end.
However, during the period between the 5th century BC to the 4th century and the territory northwest of the river Ganga - Yamuna was the center of political power in the subcontinent. Therefore Vedic Brahmin culture Reference is made to such authority. Can not be extended to other parts. Of the subcontinent This also resulted in the caste system.As part of this culture. Influence is limited to a specific area such by default. This is evident from the findings that no trace of the Brahmin caste system in other regions of the Vedas. During such period, it was also found that the caste system is not concentrated equally be concentrated in urban areas than in rural communities and regions around the central authority over its territory.
During the Gupta dynasty. (4th century - 7), the trade between the lands and other lands subcontinent. Has grown up a lot.Legalized within the territory of the subcontinent is growing as a byproduct. The result is that the expansion of cultivated area increased a lot. And the economic need to get a new one such expansion. Result in an economic hub in the region. These centers, which was developed in the local realm.
In the process of creating this local kingdom. Elite group of local Kingdom has embraced these new social ideology of Hindu Vedic culture of India over the legitimacy of its power and establish a system of social relations of power in their own kingdom. One of the tools used, it is ideological. The caste system as set forth in Scripture University. However, Because of the new kingdom These include people who have diverse and economic conditions - a society that is different from North India. Thus leading to the caste system must be adapted to the local conditions.
The result of the impact, and adapt the caste system with the diversity in their local communities by other regions is that each caste has broken into many of the nations (Jati, Jat - which comes from the element that was. - to read the tea - perfect not to be confused with the word of in Thailand. A significant difference), which is divided on caste occupation of it. As can be seen from the Amon vocalization , a Sanskrit dictionary Gupta dynasty is said to a group of new people that are excluded from the Sudra caste are many. This would be the craftsman or the product manufacturer. (Not dealers If you are a trader, it is easy to fall into castes แpsis) occurred in the addition of several new professional group or nation. It has been integrated into the national hierarchies offered.
Throughout the period from the Sultanate of Delhi.Over the Mughal Dynasty Until the middle of the 19th century, the number has increased a lot. Since in a long time, almost a millennium. Muslim kings, dynasties, has expanded into the realm of the various parts of the subcontinent. At the same time, economic growth, both within and between countries. Especially with the Muslim world, and later with the West. Which these factors was particularly encouraging states little more than the original amount. As a result, society is becoming more complex.Caused by interest groups or classes, many of the benefits from economic and political times.
The increase in the number of the times has changed the rules and structure of the caste system dramatically. The caste system is a system of four. Each begins with a group of close and rules that add more and more strict, ie, does not permit marriage between them. Because such action would cause contamination of their guilt. Applicable to each member of the occupations of their fathers, according to the members of each of not eating together, too. This condition discrimination The diet requires only that by default, as the Brahmin caste typically eat vegetarian. In order to demonstrate the superiority of moral purity more. While other nations Self-employed or employed in agriculture. Can eat meat Or not the food cooked by other national groups. Excluded from Brahman
Moreover Many nations have a relaxed dress and practice their own society on matters in which by many to be the nature of the rights behavior patterns or the use of certain resources to the elite, like to build. home, peace and Bernard (Shannar) and it's me (Izhava), which is the occupation of a toddy coast of South India, East and West, respectively. Not allowed to build houses more than one layer. Even the term for a home is different as well, addition of these are not allowed to carry an umbrella or wear jewelry made of gold milked using normal conversation. Or prohibit the use of resources such as water, together with the rules of Brahman can determine the distance to stand between the people of lower Brahman as well.
Even the settlement It has been designated by the National namely each of always lived near a specific community of their own caste system - of it is neither for the settlement of the national community and as of low to populate the edges. village
Of different, it is right in the world. Vary by more than the national rights of the opponents will be low. As the penalty of damnation will receive lower than the national high. Or Brahman entitled exemption of taxes than the national one.
In addition, Because the post-Gupta period onwards. Have bhakti cult (Bhaktism) according to different regions of the subcontinent, starting from South India to be first. This ideological emphasis on equality between nations. And many leaders of the low and hence the movement of non-Brahmin called bhakti in the social and religious rights of the Brahman. Exclusive spiritual liberation for centuries. By setting up the rules of low deprivation. The result is that the These low-respected leaders of the Bhakti movement of these into their national deity by default. Ethnic and respected god, this has developed into a national religion. This is due to the principles of the national identity.
Caste rules - of these will be overseen by the National Council. This is called Pancha Yat (Panchayat) by the judicial council will serve both civil and criminal happened to the nation of their own. In the past, Government hardly to interfere with the work of the council. If not, it's a shock to the interest of the state as a whole, thus making the nation.The former is a virtual state. One that has it And the empire that consists of various communities. It is like the US itself.Currently holds even governments, state and federal government are taking an active role in managing the social life of the people even more. But every so often to find that the stability of caste Yat - nations to intervene in the functioning of the judicial power of the state and in an arbitrary time.
However, the caste system - of not the same all over India, namely the caste system - of different local, some of the local one, such as the Royal pun on (Rajput), which can be organized in hierarchies. King, it is found only in the northern and western regions of India only. Especially in Rajasthan And even some of it can be found in more than one area. The social status of the call. Vary any sesame oil, such as those employed in the eastern Indian caste status as an outsider. But in central India are back with a lofty place. It had been organized into Sudra caste in western India. As such, this National rules would vary depending on the area as well. It can be seen that in some areas no rules or regulations, some of which are local, as in Punjab scavenger should hold the broom in hand, or tucked under their arms to indicate status. The scavenger other localities no rules to do this.Or even in the same rule is also different depending on the region, such as the food eaten. Normally People can get food from the same country only. But the Brahmins in Bengal can get food from some of the Sudra caste of it.
In addition, caste, nation - can also vary according to age, namely, national, or even caste can vary depending on the social, economic and political factors, such as the Royal Jaipur in Rajasthan, the land today. This is a caste king took place around the 10th century by hitting them, but it is expected that they would be farmers. However, due to the economic and political levels after the Gupta dynasty. These would eventually develop into a ruling class. Or they Siem base in Maharashtra rat. In the early 16th century, they were tycoon IP (Kunbi), a farmer, before later in the 16th century they became a soldier in the army of the Muslim king. And in the 17th century under the leadership of Shiva Ji. With the decline of the Mughal Empire. They can set their own state, and eventually became the ruling class.
Moreover, there is often a good way to class - did not match the career of such a conservative set. For example, Hindu spiritual day spa in Maharashtra rat. Typically acts of worship and religion. Has worked as a line in the courts of the mold base (Maratha) during the strike tiered medicine ear (Chhatrapati Shahu) and at the same time, many of them owned land and do the business of banking. And in the mid-18th century, they're just moving on his army and eventually came apart eventually ruled riot.
There are many cases it is of not adhere to in order tactic castes (Varna Hierarchy) that is not a high status under the caste determines that it would be like for new drugs (Baniya), a merchant and businessman. and the royal key, which typically are rich land in Gujarat, despite that their constituents are well. And marriage or do not share them.But the two had not seen one another with a higher or lower social status than themselves. In such cases, it is found to be the only group of which the only difference. Did not show a high social rank.
Moreover, in many cases, as well as the height of the social status of each country vary according to the angle of the individuals in each country, such as tea, TA (Jat) in the state of Punjab (both in India and Pakistan. ), Haryana and Rajasthan Public Normally, they would look if they are in Brahman caste Sudra. However, The tea rule never seen higher Brahman itself. Therefore, it would be respected Brahmins refused. Or Brahman only perfected phone number The Brahmins who have settled in the area of the State of rat. It is regarded as the most noble Brahmin caste.Therefore, it is often the mental Brahmin day spa. Which come from the west coast of Maharashtra rat. That under their
The phenomenon of caste divide - this is not only limited to within Hinduism. It has been done in other religious groups, such as the Christians in the state of Karnataka, I decided not to marry Christians in Querétaro hunt. Or even in the same locality Christians or Muslims whose ancestors were high caste Hindus would not marry or eat with Christians or Muslims with ancestry from the outside of low caste. It is because the caste system, the social values of the Indian society for thousands of years to look beyond the borders of religion to another, and the status of a person's caste system - of it is associated with reclaimed. social status of the family as inseparable as well. It is very difficult to forget the past, these congregations of their own caste.
All of the above It is seen that caste - the institution of a social structure and mechanism of action is clear and orderly resolution is very complex. It has a tradition of As is the norm, requiring people to follow the successor to the strict and harsh. It is a law. In the sense that there is a penalty, and it has the power to force a central institution in accordance with the rules defined and the Untouchables - of a system of closed social group. But it does not shut off the uniform and fixed it. However, there is room for the changes in details or elements within it. In the case of external factors, including socio-economic and political changes in the range of history.
Barriers of caste
Every human society was born with a difference. And when they are reunited for the society. It may be inevitable that each person knows that the above or below one another in the other one. It makes the inevitable as well as the differences between individuals is being used in social stratification. The caste system in India was conducted in accordance with the principles mentioned above as well. But however This system has its own unique characteristics that require specialized vocabulary in English is called a caste system. Unlike peer extremely common. And it's a bit easier with the finer, more complex. Her ability to assume a fixed formula is. This is why it is ideal to learn the characteristics thereof.Varna (Varna - वर्ण - what is concealed, appearance, color, skin color) is defined in Hindu scriptures. Which first appeared in other mature mans talents (Purusha Sukta), which is one of the Rigveda Book Oslk caste in the background that is caused by body parts. Of the source of the creatures in the universe. The man known as Brahman, then the mouth. King of Mobile แpsis of body And then the foot Sudra These groupings reflect the characteristics of groups of people in society. And does not reflect the division of people into groups based on caste hierarchy (Hierarchy) much also no reason why the rest of the untouchable caste.
However, When developing the concept of fairness. The word fair (from Sun Dec That means maintaining sustained) This refers to the regulation of all things (Universal Order) or a normal condition of things. The human society is regarded as a short form of the disorder or condition, too. The idea is to break the caste hierarchy was developed in a clear format. The merged into a part and the core of the concept of justice as well. It is because it is part of the division of caste society, so that the concept of caste hierarchy is regarded as safe here.If there is a breach of, or it will cause the miracle or corruption of society and the world to come. And related concepts are developed very sophisticated in Biblical University. That practice the traditions of the Hindu mainstream. One of the Bible Called Somฤti (derived fromthe French element that needs Somฤti So what is remembered. This means that traditional practices) that Manu Somฤti (composed in the 3rd century BC to 3rd century) and widely considered the most influential. As mentioned rules and practices of each caste and provide penalties in case of violation clearly. The four castes are determined to do something different, namely the Brahmin caste is responsible for rituals and religious practices. Caste king shall rule and defend the country (including the military and the king with his seed) or The Untouchables แpsis Prof. Yao. To trade and agriculture And Sudra caste would have to work as domestic workers above three castes.By members of these castes are not allowed to work that does not match their own caste. Except when circumstances do not Uar-director.The first three castes called Tavich (Dvija), which refers to those born twice. The womb was considered at one time. The second was to be counted from the moment the life cycle known as the Hermitage 4, which started with a carpet for the traveler. (The lives of these students to write from a professor in the Department of) and then followed by a householder (lifetime of working funds and the householder) Step three is Ivan the Russian church (the life of the retired. working life and to live a life of solitude in the woods) and final ridge enamel (the life of a recluse asceticism to disengagement. Among the caste Tavich Biblical University of Brahman is considered the highest caste.
Cross-caste marriage can. If a man has a higher caste women. It is called the wedding of Grace of the marriage of higher caste women with lower caste man called sculptor Siloam Biblical University, which is not acceptable.For a child is born, it is considered as the father of their caste. Which in this case is that the wedding shall be advantage in society. If you have a lower caste want to fade into castes higher is required to provide their children marry caste high caste same over a period of many generations, as the caste they belong to, if Sudra want their children. the Brahmin caste, it must give all their children marry a Brahmin caste, this is a period of seven generations. Or if you are a Brahmin king Would have done the same, but it will take less than Sudra is only five generations. While แpsis required Brahmin takes six generations, on the other hand, if the high caste people living in a period of low caste generations. Posterity will fall back to the lower castes in the end.
During the Gupta dynasty. (4th century - 7), the trade between the lands and other lands subcontinent. Has grown up a lot.Legalized within the territory of the subcontinent is growing as a byproduct. The result is that the expansion of cultivated area increased a lot. And the economic need to get a new one such expansion. Result in an economic hub in the region. These centers, which was developed in the local realm.In the process of creating this local kingdom. Elite group of local Kingdom has embraced these new social ideology of Hindu Vedic culture of India over the legitimacy of its power and establish a system of social relations of power in their own kingdom. One of the tools used, it is ideological. The caste system as set forth in Scripture University. However, Because of the new kingdom These include people who have diverse and economic conditions - a society that is different from North India. Thus leading to the caste system must be adapted to the local conditions.
The result of the impact, and adapt the caste system with the diversity in their local communities by other regions is that each caste has broken into many of the nations (Jati, Jat - which comes from the element that was. - to read the tea - perfect not to be confused with the word of in Thailand. A significant difference), which is divided on caste occupation of it. As can be seen from the Amon vocalization , a Sanskrit dictionary Gupta dynasty is said to a group of new people that are excluded from the Sudra caste are many. This would be the craftsman or the product manufacturer. (Not dealers If you are a trader, it is easy to fall into castes แpsis) occurred in the addition of several new professional group or nation. It has been integrated into the national hierarchies offered.
Throughout the period from the Sultanate of Delhi.Over the Mughal Dynasty Until the middle of the 19th century, the number has increased a lot. Since in a long time, almost a millennium. Muslim kings, dynasties, has expanded into the realm of the various parts of the subcontinent. At the same time, economic growth, both within and between countries. Especially with the Muslim world, and later with the West. Which these factors was particularly encouraging states little more than the original amount. As a result, society is becoming more complex.Caused by interest groups or classes, many of the benefits from economic and political times.The increase in the number of the times has changed the rules and structure of the caste system dramatically. The caste system is a system of four. Each begins with a group of close and rules that add more and more strict, ie, does not permit marriage between them. Because such action would cause contamination of their guilt. Applicable to each member of the occupations of their fathers, according to the members of each of not eating together, too. This condition discrimination The diet requires only that by default, as the Brahmin caste typically eat vegetarian. In order to demonstrate the superiority of moral purity more. While other nations Self-employed or employed in agriculture. Can eat meat Or not the food cooked by other national groups. Excluded from Brahman
Moreover Many nations have a relaxed dress and practice their own society on matters in which by many to be the nature of the rights behavior patterns or the use of certain resources to the elite, like to build. home, peace and Bernard (Shannar) and it's me (Izhava), which is the occupation of a toddy coast of South India, East and West, respectively. Not allowed to build houses more than one layer. Even the term for a home is different as well, addition of these are not allowed to carry an umbrella or wear jewelry made of gold milked using normal conversation. Or prohibit the use of resources such as water, together with the rules of Brahman can determine the distance to stand between the people of lower Brahman as well.
Even the settlement It has been designated by the National namely each of always lived near a specific community of their own caste system - of it is neither for the settlement of the national community and as of low to populate the edges. village
Of different, it is right in the world. Vary by more than the national rights of the opponents will be low. As the penalty of damnation will receive lower than the national high. Or Brahman entitled exemption of taxes than the national one.
In addition, Because the post-Gupta period onwards. Have bhakti cult (Bhaktism) according to different regions of the subcontinent, starting from South India to be first. This ideological emphasis on equality between nations. And many leaders of the low and hence the movement of non-Brahmin called bhakti in the social and religious rights of the Brahman. Exclusive spiritual liberation for centuries. By setting up the rules of low deprivation. The result is that the These low-respected leaders of the Bhakti movement of these into their national deity by default. Ethnic and respected god, this has developed into a national religion. This is due to the principles of the national identity.
However, the caste system - of not the same all over India, namely the caste system - of different local, some of the local one, such as the Royal pun on (Rajput), which can be organized in hierarchies. King, it is found only in the northern and western regions of India only. Especially in Rajasthan And even some of it can be found in more than one area. The social status of the call. Vary any sesame oil, such as those employed in the eastern Indian caste status as an outsider. But in central India are back with a lofty place. It had been organized into Sudra caste in western India. As such, this National rules would vary depending on the area as well. It can be seen that in some areas no rules or regulations, some of which are local, as in Punjab scavenger should hold the broom in hand, or tucked under their arms to indicate status. The scavenger other localities no rules to do this.Or even in the same rule is also different depending on the region, such as the food eaten. Normally People can get food from the same country only. But the Brahmins in Bengal can get food from some of the Sudra caste of it.In addition, caste, nation - can also vary according to age, namely, national, or even caste can vary depending on the social, economic and political factors, such as the Royal Jaipur in Rajasthan, the land today. This is a caste king took place around the 10th century by hitting them, but it is expected that they would be farmers. However, due to the economic and political levels after the Gupta dynasty. These would eventually develop into a ruling class. Or they Siem base in Maharashtra rat. In the early 16th century, they were tycoon IP (Kunbi), a farmer, before later in the 16th century they became a soldier in the army of the Muslim king. And in the 17th century under the leadership of Shiva Ji. With the decline of the Mughal Empire. They can set their own state, and eventually became the ruling class.
Moreover, in many cases, as well as the height of the social status of each country vary according to the angle of the individuals in each country, such as tea, TA (Jat) in the state of Punjab (both in India and Pakistan. ), Haryana and Rajasthan Public Normally, they would look if they are in Brahman caste Sudra. However, The tea rule never seen higher Brahman itself. Therefore, it would be respected Brahmins refused. Or Brahman only perfected phone number The Brahmins who have settled in the area of the State of rat. It is regarded as the most noble Brahmin caste.Therefore, it is often the mental Brahmin day spa. Which come from the west coast of Maharashtra rat. That under their
All of the above It is seen that caste - the institution of a social structure and mechanism of action is clear and orderly resolution is very complex. It has a tradition of As is the norm, requiring people to follow the successor to the strict and harsh. It is a law. In the sense that there is a penalty, and it has the power to force a central institution in accordance with the rules defined and the Untouchables - of a system of closed social group. But it does not shut off the uniform and fixed it. However, there is room for the changes in details or elements within it. In the case of external factors, including socio-economic and political changes in the range of history.
By
the winch Minh Thong
Department of South Asian, Middle East and Africa,
July 7, 2554
reference
book Banerjee - Dube, Ishita (ed). (in 2008). Caste in History . New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Gupta, Dipankar (ed). (. 1991st). Social Stratification . New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Website
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste
Http://adaniel.tripod.com/castes.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/. wiki / Varna_ 28Hinduism% 29%
Http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Theory_of_Varna
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra
http://en.wikipedia.org. / wiki / Vedas
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_%28Vedanga%29
illustration of
Http://prasanthmychel.blogspot.com/2011_02_01_archive.html
Https://marikaintegratedproject09.wikispaces.com/Gupta+Empire+. India
Http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4420
Http://www.nepaldalitinfo.20m.com/
Http://www.indiana.edu/~isp/cd_rom/images/map/source /6.htm
Http://punjabimohalla.com/blog/tag/img-class/
Http://ssccollegejunnar.com/Department/Marathi/marathihome.html
Http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/after -jindal-op-Chautala-extends-support-to-Khaps_625713.html
Http://www.allempires.net/princely-states-of-india--pakistan-pre-1947_topic19056.html
http: //www.flickr. com / photos / jembe / Page12 /
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpavan
Http://marathachronicles.blogspot.com/2010/11/chatrapati-shahu-maharaj.html
http: //www.mynews. in / Image_gallery.php? & IID = 12003
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin.
the winch Minh Thong
Department of South Asian, Middle East and Africa,
July 7, 2554
reference
book Banerjee - Dube, Ishita (ed). (in 2008). Caste in History . New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Gupta, Dipankar (ed). (. 1991st). Social Stratification . New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Website
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste
Http://adaniel.tripod.com/castes.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/. wiki / Varna_ 28Hinduism% 29%
Http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Theory_of_Varna
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra
http://en.wikipedia.org. / wiki / Vedas
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_%28Vedanga%29
illustration of
Http://prasanthmychel.blogspot.com/2011_02_01_archive.html
Https://marikaintegratedproject09.wikispaces.com/Gupta+Empire+. India
Http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4420
Http://www.nepaldalitinfo.20m.com/
Http://www.indiana.edu/~isp/cd_rom/images/map/source /6.htm
Http://punjabimohalla.com/blog/tag/img-class/
Http://ssccollegejunnar.com/Department/Marathi/marathihome.html
Http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/after -jindal-op-Chautala-extends-support-to-Khaps_625713.html
Http://www.allempires.net/princely-states-of-india--pakistan-pre-1947_topic19056.html
http: //www.flickr. com / photos / jembe / Page12 /
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpavan
Http://marathachronicles.blogspot.com/2010/11/chatrapati-shahu-maharaj.html
http: //www.mynews. in / Image_gallery.php? & IID = 12003
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin.
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