Wednesday, 26 November 2014

2008 Mumbai attacks

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"26/11" redirects here. For the date, see 26 November. For the skirmish, see 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan.
2008 Mumbai attacks
2008 Mumbai attacks.svg
Map of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Date26 November 2008 – 29 November 2008 (IST,UTC+05:30)
Attack type
Bombings, shootings, hostage crisis,[1] siege
DeathsApproximately 164 (including 10 attackers, 1 attacker captured and later executed)[2]
Non-fatal injuries
More than 600[2]
PerpetratorsLashkar-e-Taiba, later confirmed by the Pakistani Government[3][4][5]
A series of twelve coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days occurred across Mumbai,[6][7] carried out by Pakistani members ofLashkar-e-Taiba.[8] Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker who was captured alive, later confessed upon interrogation that the attacks were conducted with the support of Pakistan Government's intelligence agency ISI.[9][10] The involvement of Pakistan's ISI was also supported by statements made byDavid Headley, an U.S. citizen of Pakistani origin, though an ISI spokesman denied any involvement in the attacks.[11] The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.[2][12]
Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[13] the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,[13] Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital (a women and children's hospital),[13] the Nariman House Jewish community centre,[14] the Metro Cinema,[15] and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College.[13] There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[16] By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. On 29 November, India's National Security Guards (NSG) conducted 'Operation Black Tornado' to flush out the remaining attackers; it resulted in the deaths of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all fighting in the attacks.[17]
Ajmal Kasab[18] disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba,[19] among others.[20] The Government of India said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.[21] On 7 January 2009,[22] Pakistan's Information Minister Sherry Rehman officially accepted Ajmal Kasab's nationality as Pakistani.[23] On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik asserted that parts of the attack had been planned in Pakistan.[24] A trial court on 6 May 2010 sentenced Ajmal Kasab to death on all the 86 charges for which he was convicted.[25] On his appeal against this verdict,Bombay High Court on 21 February 2011[26] and Supreme Court of India on 29 August 2012 upheld his death sentence.[27] Kasab was executed by hanging at Yerwada Jail in Pune on 21 November 2012.[28][29]

Background[edit]

One of the bomb-damaged coaches at the Mahim station in Mumbai during the 11 July 2006 train bombings
There have been many bombings in Mumbai since the 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.[30] The 1993 attacks are believed to have been in retaliation for the Babri Mosquedemolition.[31]
On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28.[32] The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of thedemolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[33] A bicycle bomb exploded near theVile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to the city.[34] On 13 March 2003, a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the Mulundstation, killing 10 people and injuring 70.[35] On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32.[36] On 25 August 2003, two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.[37] On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai.[38] 209 people were killed, including 22 foreigners[39][40] and over 700 injured.[41][42] According to theMumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).[43][44]

Training[edit]

A group of men, sometimes stated as 24, at other times 26[45] received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir in Pakistan. Part of the training was reported to have taken place on theMangla Dam reservoir.[46]
The recruits went through the following stages of training, according to the Indian and U.S. media:
  • Psychological: Indoctrination to Islamist ideas, including imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims in India,[47]Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe.
  • Basic Combat: Lashkar's basic combat training and methodology course, the Daura Aam.
  • Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced combat training at a camp near Mansehra, a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas.[47] According to an unnamed source at the US Defense Department this includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the Pakistan Army,[48] along withsurvival training and further indoctrination.
  • Commando Training: Finally, an even smaller group selected for specialised commando tactics training and marine navigation training given to the Fedayeen unit selected in order to target Mumbai.[citation needed]
From the students, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission.[49] They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that former officers from Pakistan's Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training.[50] They were given blueprints of all the four targets – Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Oberoi Trident,Nariman House and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.

Attacks[edit]

Main article: Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to "mind their own business" before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermen's subsequent report to police received little response.[51]

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus[edit]

Bullet marks on the wall of the suburban terminus at CST
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) was attacked by two gunmen, one of whom, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire,[52] using AK-47 rifles.[53] The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,[53] their assault ending at about 22:45.[52] Security forces and emergency services arrived shortly afterwards. The two gunmen fled the scene and fired at pedestrians and police officers in the streets, killing eight police officers. The attackers passed a police station. Many of the outgunned police officers were afraid to confront the attackers, and instead switched off the lights and secured the gates. The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with an intention to kill patients,[54] but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. A team of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad led by police chief Hemant Karkare searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left in pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan opened fire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital and the police returned fire. Karkare, Vijay Salaskar, Ashok Kamte and one of their officers were killed, though the only survivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was wounded.[55] Kasab and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned it and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran into a police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav radioed for help.[56] A gun battle then ensued in which Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a physical struggle, Kasab was arrested.[57] A police officer, Tukaram Omble was also killed.

Leopold Cafe[edit]

Bullet marks left at Leopold Cafe
The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway in South Mumbai, was one of the first sites to be attacked.[58] Two attackers opened fire on the cafe on the evening of 26 November, killing at least 10 people, (including some foreigners), and injuring many more.[59]

Bomb blasts in taxis[edit]

There were two explosions in taxis caused by timer bombs. The first one occurred at 22:40 at Vile Parle, killing the driver and a passenger. The second explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25. Three people, including the driver of the taxi were killed, and about 15 others were injured.[16][60]

Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi Trident[edit]

The damaged Oberoi Trident hotel
Two hotels, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower and the Oberoi Trident, were among the four locations targeted. Six explosions were reported at the Taj hotel – one in the lobby, two in the elevators, three in the restaurant – and one at the Oberoi Trident.[61][62] At the Taj Mahal, firefighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders during the first night.
CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj had been resolved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtrastating that all hostages were freed;[63] however, it was learned later that day that there were still two attackers holding hostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Mahal hotel.[64]
The Wasabi restaurant on the first floor of the Taj Hotel was completely gutted.
A number of European Parliament Committee on International Trade delegates were staying in the Taj Mahal hotel when it was attacked,[65] but none of them were injured.[66]British Conservative Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Sajjad Karim (who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and German Social Democrat MEPErika Mann were hiding in different parts of the building.[67] Also reported present was Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans, who was barricaded in a hotel room.[68][69] Another British Conservative MEP, Syed Kamall, reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack.[67] Kamall also reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started, but eventually left the hotel safely.[70] Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP's assistant was shot.[67][71] Also caught up in the shooting were the President of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, while checking in at the Oberoi Trident,[71] and Indian MP N. N. Krishnadas of Kerala and Gulam Noon while having dinner at a restaurant in the Taj hotel.[72][73]

Nariman House[edit]

Main article: Nariman House
Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks
Nariman House, a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish center in Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House, was taken over by two attackers and several residents were held hostage.[74] Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged fire with the attackers, wounding one. Local residents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG commandos arrived from Delhi, and a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. After a long battle, one NSG commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht and both perpetrators were killed.[75][76] Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant, were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.[77]
According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence, the attackers "would be told by their handlers in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews." Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured.[78][79]

NSG raid[edit]

NSG Commandos beginning the assault on Nariman House by fast-roping onto the terrace.
During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by Rapid Action Force personnel and Marine Commandos (MARCOS) and National Security Guards (NSG) commandos.[80][81] When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked.[82] Security forces stormed both hotels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of 29 November.[83][84] Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of the NSG was killed during the rescue of Commando Sunil Yadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj.[85][86] 32 hostages were killed at the Oberoi Trident.[87]
NSG commandos then took on the Nariman house, and a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG Commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht, who was part of the team that fast-roped onto Nariman House, died after a long battle in which both perpetrors were also killed.[75][76] Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant, were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.[77] By the morning of 27 November, the NSG had secured the Jewish outreach center at Nariman House as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Mahal Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks.[88][89][90] However, later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged.[90]Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor.[90] The final operation at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks.[91] The NSG rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House.[92] In addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai harbour.[93]

Attribution[edit]

Ajmal Kasab at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus with an AK-47 in his hand
Main articles: Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks and Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks
The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan, and carried out by ten young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phones and VoIP.[20][94][95]
In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and Thatta.[96] In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.[97]
Mumbai police originally identified 37 suspects—including two army officers—for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani.[98] Two more suspects arrested in the United States in October 2009 for other attacks were also found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai attacks.[99][100] One of these men, Pakistani American David Headley, was found to have made several trips to India before the attacks and gathered video and GPS information on behalf of the plotters.
In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrants for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. The men, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, Mazhar Iqbal alias "Major Iqbal", are believed to be members of Lashkar-e-Taiba and helped plan and train the attackers.[101]

Negotiations with Pakistan[edit]

Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals,[102] a claim refuted by India,[103] and saying they needed information from India on other bombings first.[104]
Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani on 7 January 2009,[22][105][106] and registered a case against three other Pakistani nationals.[107]
The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan and other governments, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks.[108][109] In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies", an accusation denied by Pakistan.[95][105]
Under US and UN pressure, Pakistan arrested a few members of Jamaat ud-Dawa and briefly put its founder under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few days later.[110] A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities were not cooperating by providing information for their investigation.[111] Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab's village.[112][113] Home Minister P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities had not shared any information about American suspects Headley and Rana, but that the FBI had been more forthcoming.[114]
An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from India's interrogation of David Headley,[115] was released in October 2010. It alleged that Pakistan's intelligence agency (ISI) had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai.[116] The report included Headley's claim that Lashkar-e-Taiba's chief military commander, Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI.[115] He alleged that "every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with [the] ISI."[116]

Investigation[edit]

Police looking for attackers outside Colaba
According to investigations, the attackers travelled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan, across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler 'Kuber', killed the crew of four, then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murdering the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of 'Kuber', Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters.[117] The attackers stayed and were trained by the Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safehouse at Azizabad near Karachi before boarding a small boat for Mumbai.[118]
David Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and between 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT. Headley received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a network of connections for the group, and was chief scout in scoping out targets for Mumbai attack[119][120] having allegedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI officer known as Major Iqbal, The officer also helped him arrange a communications system for the attack, and oversaw a model of the Taj Mahal Hotel so that gunmen could know their way inside the target, according to Headley's testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, according to a US official. At the same time, Headley was also an informant for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, and Headley's wives warned American officials of Headley's involvement with LeT and his plotting attacks, warning specifically that the Taj Mahal Hotel may be their target.[119]
US officials believed that the Inter-Services Intelligence (I.S.I.) officers provided support to Lashkar-e-Taiba militants who carried out the attacks.[121]
The arrest of Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza in June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was hatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks were previously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth for the job. However, a huge cache of AK-47's and RDX, which were to be used for the attacks, was recovered from Aurangabad in 2006, thus leading to the dismantling of the original plot. Subsequently, Abu Hamza fled to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In September 2007, ten people were selected for the mission. In September 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbai from Karachi, but couldn't complete their mission due to choppy waters. These men made a second attempt in November 2008, and successfully managed to execute the final attacks. David Headley's disclosures, that three Pakistani army officers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by Ansari's revelations during his interrogation.[122][123] After Ansari's arrest, Pakistan's Foreign Office claimed they had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals were involved in the attacks.[124]

Method[edit]

The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough to vanish and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents.[125][126] The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh.[127] There were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state New Jersey.[128] Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks.[129] Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.[130]
Type 86 Grenades made by China's state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks.[131]
Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours.[citation needed] Police say that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids.[132] The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.[133]
There were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces.[134][135]Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early twenties, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims.[136]
It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens,[137][138] but the Indian government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this.[139] Similarly, early reports of twelve gunmen[140] were also later shown to be incorrect.[108]
On 9 December, the ten attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed fromOkara, Shoaib from Narowal, Nazih and Nasr from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.[141]
On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of Maharashtra State, which includes Mumbai, informed the Assembly that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds.[142]

Attackers[edit]

Only one of the 10 attackers, Ajmal Kasab, survived the attack. He was hanged in Yerwada jail.[143] Killed during the onslaught were:
  1. Abdul Rehman
  2. Abdul Rahman Chhota
  3. Abu Ali
  4. Fahad Ullah
  5. Ismail Khan
  6. Babar Imran
  7. Abu Umar
  8. Abu Sohrab
  9. Shoaib alias Soheb

Arrests[edit]

Main articles: Ajmal Kasab and Zabiuddin Ansari
Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested alive by police.[144] Much of the information about the attackers' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police.[145]
On 12 February 2009 Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquiredVoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested.[107] Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested.[146] Two Pakistanis were arrested in Brescia, Italy (East of Milan), on 21 November 2009, after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks and transferring over US$200 to internet accounts using a false ID.[147][148] They had Red Corner Notices issued against them by Interpol for their suspected involvement and it was issued after the last year's strikes.[149]
In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and charged by the FBI for involvement in "terrorism" abroad, David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana. Headley, a Pakistani-American, was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[150][151] Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with militant Islamist groups based in Bangladesh.[152] On 18 March 2010, Headley pled guilty to a dozen charges against him thereby avoiding going to trial.
In December 2009, the FBI charged Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed, a retired major in the Pakistani army, for planning the attacks in association with Headley.[153]
On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation R&AW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of HuJI India operations and a most wanted suspect in India, from Colombo, Sri Lanka, and brought him over to Hyderabad, India for formal arrest.[154]
On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police arrested Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in the attack at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most significant development in the case since Kasab's arrest.[155] Security agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi. Ansari is a Lashker-e-Taiba ultra and the Hindi tutor of the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai attacks in 2008.[156][157] He was apprehended, after he was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence officials as per official request by Indian authorities.[158] After Ansari's arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009 he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legislators's Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLA and minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister, however, denied having any links with him. Home Minister P. Chidambaram, asserted that Ansari was provided a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control room, which could not have been established without active State support. Ansari's interrogation further revealed that Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited India under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets in Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.[159][160][161]

Casualties and compensation[edit]

Main article: Casualties of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
At least 164 victims (civilians and security personnel) and nine attackers were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals from 10 countries.[2][63][162][163][164] One attacker was captured.[165] The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement.[166] A number of those killed were notable figures in business, media, and security services.[167][168][169]
The government of Maharashtra announced about INR500000 (US$8,100) as compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and about INR50000 (US$810) to the seriously injured.[170] In August 2009, Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about $28 million USD as part-payment of the insurance claims, on account of the attacks onTaj Mahal and Trident, from General Insurance Corporation of India.[171]

Aftermath[edit]

Main article: Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as "26/11", after the date in 2008 that the attacks began, in similar style to the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the 3/11 attack in Madrid, Spain, and the 7/7 bombings in London, United Kingdom. The Pradhan Inquiry Commission, appointed by the Maharashtra government, produced a report that was tabled before the legislative assembly over one year after the events. The report said the "war-like" attack was beyond the capacity to respond of any police force, but also found fault with the Mumbai Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor's lack of leadership during the crisis.[172]
The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose. It also planned to create an anti-terror force called "Force One" and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police currently have.[173] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on an all-party conference declared that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle against "terrorism" and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soon to coordinate action against "terrorism."[174] The government strengthened anti-terror laws with UAPA 2008, and the federal National Investigation Agency was formed.
The attacks further strained India's slowly recovering relationship with Pakistan. India's then External Affairs MinisterPranab Mukherjee (presently President of India) declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity. There were also after-effects on the United States's relationships with both countries,[175] the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan,[176] and on the Global War on Terror.[177] FBI chief Robert Muellerpraised the "unprecedented cooperation" between American and Indian intelligence agencies over the Mumbai terror attack probe.[178] However, Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble said that Indian intelligence agencies did not share any information with them (Interpol).[179]
A new National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) was proposed to be set up by the then Home Minister P. chidambaram as an office to collect, collate, summarise, integrate, analyse, coordinate and report all information and inputs received from various intelligence agencies, state police departments, and other ministries and their departments.

Movement of troops[edit]

Pakistan moved troops towards the border with India voicing concerns about the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not cooperate. After days of talks, the Pakistan government, however, decided to start moving troops away from the border.[180]

Reactions[edit]

Main article: Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Candlelight vigils at theGateway of India in Mumbai
Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks, saying that their ineptness was partly responsible. The Times of India commented on its front page that "Our politicians fiddle as innocents die."[181] Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations ofMinister for Home Affairs Shivraj Patil,[182] Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh[183]and deputy chief minister R. R. Patil[184] for controversial reactions to the attack including taking the former's son and Bollywood director Ram Gopal Verma to tour the damaged Taj Mahal and the latters remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in such a large city. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to their community members in the country to observe Eid al-Adha as a day of mourning on 9 December.[185] The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests for an increase in self-defense capabilities.[186] The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens' movements across India such as the India Today Group's "War Against Terror" campaign. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks.[187] The NSG commandos based in Delhi also met criticism for taking 10 hours to reach the 3 sites under attack.[188][189]
Citizens gather outside the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower hotel demanding the government takes action.
International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organisations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks.[190]
Media coverage highlighted the use of social media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks. In addition, many Indian bloggers and Wikipedia offered live textual coverage of the attacks.[191] A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using Google Maps.[192][193] The New York Times, in July 2009, described the event as "what may be the most well-documented terrorist attack anywhere."[194]
In November 2010, families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit in Brooklyn, New York, naming Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, chief of the I.S.I., as being complicit in the Mumbai attacks. On 22 September 2011, the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan, was attributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical to the attacks in Mumbai, also linked to Pakistan. The investigation is on-going.[121]

Trials[edit]

Kasab's trial[edit]

Kasab's trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On 25 February 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges.
Kasab's trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. He initially apologised for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial continued.
Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010. He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven people, conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of the 164 people killed in the three-day terror siege, waging war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy to murder two high-ranking police officers. On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death by hanging.[25] [195] [196][197] However, he appealed his sentence at high court. On 21 February 2011, the Bombay High Court upheld the death sentence of Kasab, dismissing his appeal.[26]
On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Kasab. The court stated, "We are left with no option but to award death penalty. The primary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is waging war against the Government of India.”[198] The verdict followed 10 weeks of appeal hearings, and was decided by a two-judge Supreme Court panel, which was led by Judge Aftab Alam. The panel rejected arguments that Kasab was denied a free and fair trial.[27]
Kasab filed a mercy petition with the President of India, which was rejected on 5 November 2012. Kasab was hanged in Pune's Yerwada jail in secret on 21 November 2012 at 7:30 am. The Indian mission in Islamabad informed the Pakistan government about Kasab's hanging through letter. Pakistan refused to take the letter, which was then faxed to them. His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via a courier.[199]

Trials in Pakistan[edit]

Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies. Sadiq and six others begin their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders.[200] In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice.[201]
On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi. However the actual trial started on 5 May 2012. The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacks accused, reserved its judgement on the application filed by Lakhvi, challenging the report of the judicial panel, to 17 July 2012.[202] On 17 July 2012, the court refused to take the findings of the Pakistani judicial commission as part of the evidence. It however, ruled that if a new agreement that allows panel's examination of witnesses, is reached, the prosecution may move an application for sending the panel to Mumbai.[203] The Indian Government upset over the court ruling, however,contended that evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel has evidential value to punish all those involved in the attack.[204] On 21-September-2013, a Pakistani judicial commission arrived in India to carry out the investigation and to cross examine the witnesses. This is the second such visit, the one in March 2012 was not a success[205] as its report was rejected by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan due to lack of evidence.

Trials in the United States[edit]

The LeT operative David Headley (born Daood Sayed Gilani) in his testimony before a Chicago federal court during co-accused Tahawwur Rana's trial revealed that Mumbai Chabad House was added to the list of targets for surveillance given by his Inter Services Intelligence handler Major Iqbal, though the Oberoi hotel, one of the sites attacked, was not originally on the list.[206] On 10 June 2011, Tahawwur Rana was acquitted of plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks, but was held guilty on two other charges.[207] He was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison on 17 January 2013.[208]
David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to the attacks, including conspiracy to commit murder in India and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans. On 23 January 2013, he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison. His plea that he not be extradited to India, Pakistan or Denmark was accepted.[209]

Locations[edit]

All the incidents except the explosion at Vile Parle took place in downtownSouth Mumbai.

Memorials[edit]

On the first anniversary of the event, the state paid homage to the victims of the attack. Force One—a new security force created by the Maharashtra government—staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. Other memorials andcandlelight vigils were also organised at the various locations where the attacks occurred.[210]
On the second anniversary of the event, homage was again paid to the victims.[211] Security forces were also displayed from Nariman Point.[citation needed]







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